Popular Struggles and Movements- Class 10th

Popular Struggles  and  Movements

 ( CH-5) POL. Science

class - 10th

Q1. What is a Movement ?

Ans. Movement attempts to influence politics rather than directly taking part in electoral competition. They depend on spontaneous mass participation.

Q2. When did extraordinary popular movement begin in Nepal ?

Ans. In April 2006, Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement.

Q3. What was the aim of popular movement of Nepal ?

Ans. The popular movement aimed at restoring democracy.

Q4. Who was the constitutional Monarch of Nepal ?

Ans. King Birendra was the constitutional Monarch of Nepal.

Q5. Why did king Gyanendra replace King Birendra ?

Ans. King Birendra was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001, so king Gyanendra replaced him.

Q6. Why did the king Gyanendra dismiss the then Prime Minister and dissolve Parliament ?

Ans. He was not prepared to accept democractic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and  unpopularity of the democratically elected governemt.

Q7. What was the role of SPA  in Nepal Movement ?

Ans. All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance and called a four day strike in Kathmandu , to start the popular movement to revive democracy.

Q8. Who were  Maoists ? How did they influence the government of Nepal ?

Ans. Maoists are communists who believed in the ideology of Mao, the leader of the Chinese revolution.

2. They seek to overthrow the government  through an  armed revolution so as to establish the rule of the peasants and workers.

3. They supported the SPA during the movement for democracy in Nepal in 2004.

Q9. What were the three demands main demands of SPA and their outcomes in Nepal ?

Ans. The three demands of SPA were the following :

1.       They wanted to restore the Parliament.

2.       They demanded for a new  Constituent Assembly .

3.       They demanded power to an all-party government.

Outcomes of SPA’s demands was as follows :

1.       King  Gyanendra was forced to accept to all  the demands.

2.       The SPA  chose Girija  Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government.

3.       The restored Parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.

Q10. Write a note on popular struggle of Nepal and Bolivia’s war ?

Nepal

1) In Nepal, although the king Birendra formally remained the head of the state, real power was exercised by elected representative .
2) After the death of king Birendra , King Gyanendra, new king of nepal, dissolve the democracy and take all the powers.
3) For the restoration of parliament , power to an all party government and a new contituent assembly , all major political parties form a 7 party alliance, in April 2006.
4) On 21 April, they served an ultimatum to the king. On 24 April 2006 , the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
5) Girija Prasad Koirala was chosen as the new PM of the interim govt.

Bolivia

1) In Bolivia , world bank pressurised govt. to give up all the water rights and sold these rights for the city of cochabamba to a MNC.
2) The MNC immediately increased the price of water by four times.
3) In April, a strike was followed and govt. imposed Martial law. But the power of the people forced MNC to flee the city.
4) The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

Q11. Give Similarities and differences between the struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.

Ans. Similarities and differences between struggles of Nepal and Bolivia

                             Nepal                                                 Bolivia 

Similarities

1	Both the struggles are instances of political conflict that led to Popular struggles.	Both the struggles are instances of political conflict that led to Popular struggles.
2	In both cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation.	In both cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation.
3	In both instances involved critical role of political organisations	In both instances involved critical role of political organisations

Differences

1	The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy	The struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government.
2	The struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s politics.	The popular struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy
3	Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels	Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels

Q12. What conclusion we draw from the examples of popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia with respect to democracy ?

                                    Or

How are popular struggles undertaken in a democracy ?

     Ans. 1.    Democracy evolves through popular struggles. It is possible that some significant decisions may take place through consensus. These moments come when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy.

22.    Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions like the parliament or the judiciary.

33.    These conflicts and mobilisations are based on public participation with the help of organised political parties and pressure groups.

    Q.13. What was FEDECOR ?

     Ans.   It was an organisation formed by an alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders who orgainsed a successful four day general strike in Bolivia against MNC.The movement was supported by Socialist Party. In 2006 this party came to power in Bolivia.

    Q14. Explain the two ways in which different kinds of organisations play their role in politics.

     Ans. 1.      One obvious way of influencing the decisions in a democracy is direct participation. This is done by creating political parties, contesting elections and forming governments.

2  .      There is another indirect way in which people can get governments to listen to their demands or their points of view by forming pressure groups (Non- Political organisations) and undertaking activities to promote their interests or their viewpoints.

    Q14. What are Pressure Groups ?

     Ans. Pressure groups are non-political organisations that attempt to influence government policies. These organisations are formed by people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions in order to achieve a common objective.

    Q15.  Write a short note on the following :-

1)    Sectional interest groups

Interest groups which seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society are called sectional interest groups.

Example

Trade unions, business associations, lawyers, doctors and teachers associations.

2)    Promotional or Public interest groups

The organisations which are not representing the interest of one section of society but representing common or general interests of the public. The members of these organisations may not get benefit.

Example

The Bolivian organization-FEDECOR and BAMCEF (Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation) are examples of that kind of organisations.

3)    Movements or movement groups

Movements or movement groups are non- political organisations which attempt to influencepolitics indirectly. Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation.

Example

Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, Anti-liquor Movement,

Women’s Movement and Environmental Movement.

4)      BAMCEF

It  is ( Backward and Minority Community Employees Federation) an organisation largely made up of government employees that campaigns against caste discrimination. Its principal concern is social justice and social equality for the entire society.

5)    Narmada bachao andolan

Ans.   Narmada Bachao Andolan is a good example of movement. The movement started with

the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed.

   6)    NAPM  

National Alliance for Peoples’ Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of  organisations. Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are constituents of this loose organisation which coordinates the activities of a large number of peoples’ movements

in our country.

Q16. Distinguish between  Short term and Long term Movements.

                                    Or

Distinguish between Issue – specific movements and Genric movements. Give an example of an issue specific movement and explain.

      Ans. 1.      Issue-specific movements( Single issue movements)

Issue-specific movements that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.

Example

In Nepal, Nepalese movement for democracy arose with the specific objective of reversing the king’s orders that led to suspension of democracy.

 In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is a good example of this kind of movement. The movement started with the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada River. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams and the model of development that required such dams.Movements of this kind tend to have a clear leadership and some organisation.But their active life is usually short.

2   .      Multi issue movements ( Generic- movement )

Movements that are seeking to achieve many objectives or issues in a long term period

  Example

 Women’s Movement and Environmental Movement.

 Q 17.  How do Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics(Government)?

1    .      They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying out   information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, influence media etc.

2     .      They often organise protest activity like strikes, hunger strikes or disrupting government   programmes in order to force the government to take note of their demands.

3   .      Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements. Some   persons from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees.

4    . Workers’ organisations, employees’ associations and most of the movement groups often resort to these actics in order to force the government to take note of their demands.

5  .  Some persons from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies

and committees that offer advice to the government.

Q18. Discuss the relationship between political party and pressure groups.

Ans. The relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take different forms, some direct and others very indirect:

1   .      In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as extended arms of political parties. For example, Youth congress for INC and RSS for BJP

2    .      Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. For example, when the Assam movement led by students against the ‘foreigners’ came to an end, it led to the formation of the Asom Gana Parishad.

3   .       In most cases the relationship between parties and interest or movement groups is hostile. They often take opposite positions.

    Q19. Examine the positive and negative aspects of the influence of pressure groups and movements in politics.

Positive	Negative
It may initially appear that it is not healthy for groups that promote interest of one section to have influence in democracy. A democracy must look after the interests of all, not just one section	Governments can often come under undue pressure from a small group of rich and powerful people.
Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.	Sometimes, pressure groups with small public support but lots of money can hijack public discussion in favour of their narrow agenda
The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population want. This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests.	If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another willbring counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires

   

    Q20. Explain with example that in a democracy several kinds of organisations work behind a big struggle.

    Ans. 1. The call for indefinite strike was given by the SPA or the seven party Alliance in Nepal.

2  . This alliance included some big parties that had some members in the  Parliament.

3  .  But The SPA was not the only organisation behind this mass upsurge.

4  . The protest was joined by the Nepalese Communist Party ( Maoist ) which did not believe in  parliamentary democracy.

5   . The struggle involved many organisations other than political parties. All the major labour   unions and their federations joined this movement.

     Q21. How are pressure groups different from interest groups?

     Ans. Like an interest group a movement also attempts to influences politics rather than directly   take part in electoral competition. But unlike the interest groups , movements have loose   organisations. Their decisions making is more imformal and flexible. They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.

     Q22. Examine the role played by sectional interest groups in politics.

                  Or

      How do sectional interest groups help to maintain balance of powers and accomadations of conflicting interest in politics / democracy / government ?

Ans. Even the sectional interest groups play a valuable role.

1.Different groups function actively, no one single group can achieve dominance over

society.

 2. If  one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will bring counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires.

3. The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population want. This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of  conflicting interests.

Map List of class 9th and 10th ( SA-1 & SA-2)

LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE (2016-2017)

CLASS IX -MAP WORK FOR SA-I

SUBJECT-GEOGRAPHY

1.       Chapter-1: INDIA-SIZE AND LOCATION •

a.       India-States with Capitals, Tropic of Cancer, Standard Meridian, Southern most, northern most, eastern most and western most point of India (location and labelling)

2.       Chapter-2: PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA

a.       Mountain Ranges: The Karakoram, The Zasker, The Shfvalik, The Aravali, The Vindhya, The Satpura, Western & Eastern Ghat.

b.      Mountain Peaks - K2, Kanchanchunga, Anai Mudi, Plateau - Deccan Plateau, Chotta Nagpur Plateau, Malwa plateau

c.       Coastal Plains - Konkan, Malabar, Coromandal & Northern Circar (Location and Labeling)

3.       Chapter-3: Drainage •

a.       Rivers: (Identification only )

a) The Himalayan River Systems - The Indus, The Ganges, and The Satluj

b) The Peninsular rivers - The Narmada, The Tapi, The Kaveri, The Krishna, The Godavari, The Mahanadi •

b.      Lakes: Wular, Pulicat, Sambhar, Chilika, Vembanad

SUBJECT HISTORY-SA-I

1.       Chapter: The French Revolution Outline map of France (For locating and labeling /Identification)

• Bordeaux

• Nantes

• La Forte

• Paris

• Marseilles

• Alsace

• Normandy

CLASS IX-MAP WORK FOR SA-II

GEOGRAPHY

1.       Chapter-4: CLIMATE

a.       Cities to locate: Tiruvananthpuram, Chennai, Jodhpur, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Leh, Shillong, Delhi, Nagpur. (location and labelling)

b.      Areas receiving rainfall less than 20 cm and over 400 cm (Identification only)

2.       Chapter-5: NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE •

a.        Vegetation Type : Tropical Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Thorn Forest, Montane Forests and Mangrove-For identification only

b.      National Parks : Corbett, Kaziranga, Rantrfambor.’Shivpuri, Kanha, Simlipal & Manas •

c.       Bird Sanctuaries : Bharatpur and Ranganthitta

d.      Wild life Sanctuaries : Sariska,Mudumalai,Rajaji, Dachigam (location and labelling)

3.       Chapter-6: POPULATION (location and labelling)

a.       The state having highest and lowest density of population

b.      The state having highest and lowest sex ratio

c.       Largest and smallest state according to area

HISTORY-SA-II : No map work

LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE (2016-2017)
CLASS X -MAP WORK FOR SA-I

GEOGRAPHY

1.       Chapter 1 : Resources and Development Identification only :

a.       Major soil Types.

2.       Chapter 3 : Water Resources-Locating and Labelling –

a.       Dams: • Salal • Bhakra Nangal • Tehri • Rana Pratap Sagar • Sardar Sarovar • Hirakud • Nagarjuna Sagar • Tungabhadra (Along with rivers)

3.       Chapter 4 : Agriculture-Identification only

a.       Major areas of rice and wheat.

b.      Largest / Major producer states of sugarcane; tea; coffee; rubber; cotton and jute. ( Location and labelling)

HISTORY: No Map

MAP WORK FOR SA-II

HISTORY: Outline Political Map

1.       India Nationalism in India - (1918-1930).—(For locating and labelling / Identification.)

a.       Indian National Congress Sessions:- • Calcutta (Sep. 1920) • Nagpur (Dec. 1920) • Madras (1927) • Lahore (1929)

b.      Important Centres of Indian National Movement (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement) • Champaran (Bihar) Movement of Indigo Planters • Kheda (Gujrat) Peasant Satyagrah • Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha • Amritsar (Punjab) Jallianwala Bagh Incident. • Chauri Chaura (U.P.) calling off the NCM. • Bardoli (Gujarat) no tax campaign • Dandi (Gujarat) Civil Disobedience Movement

GEOGRAPHY

1.       Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources. Minerals: (Identification only)

a.       (i) Iron ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh

b.      (ii) Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh.

c.       (iii) Coal mines : Raniganj, Jhajria, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Neyvali

d.      (iv) Oil Fields : Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar

2.       Power Plants:- (Locating and Labelling only)

a.       (a) Thermal: Namrup,Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Ramagundam,Tuticorin

b.      b) Nuclear: Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam

3.       Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Locating and Labelling Only

a.       (1) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Madurai

b.      (2) Woollen Industry : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur, Jamnagar

c.       (3) Silk Industry : Anatnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad, Mysore

d.      (4) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam, Salem

e.      (5) Software Technology Parks: Mohali, Noida, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Thiruvanantapuram

4.       Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy. Identification Only:

a.       Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor.

b.      National Highways : NH-1, NH-2, NH-7

c.       Locating and Labelling: Major Ports - Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Paradip, Haldia International Airports: Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International), Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanantapuram (Nedimbacherry), Chennai (Meenam Bakkam) Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose), Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi) 

Note: Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.

chapter-3, Nazism And the Rise of Hitler (class -9th )(Economics)

                CHAPTER-3

      NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER

Q1. Who are allies?

Ans. The allied powers led by the UK and France. In 1941 they were joined by the USSR and USA. They fought against the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy and Japan.

Q2. When and between whom was the first world war fought? What was the result?

Ans. 1) The first world war was fought between allies power and axis powers in 1914 to 1918.

 2) The allies strengthened by the US entry in 1917, won, defeating Germany and the central powers in November 1918.

Q3. What political changes come in Germany after the defeat in first world war?

Ans. 1) The defeat of imperial Germany and the abdication of the emperor gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity.

2) National assembly met at Weimar and establish a democratic constitution with a federal structure.

3) Deputies were now elected to the German parliament or Reichstag, on the basis of equal and universal vote caste by all adults including women.

Q4. ‘The treaty of Versailles was harsh and humiliating treaty for Germany’. Justify.

Ans. 1) Treaty at Versailles with the Allies was the harsh and humiliating peace. Germany lost its overseas colonies.

2) 13% of its territories, 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.  

3) The Allied powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power.

4) The war Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the Allied countries suffered.

5) Germany was found to pay compensation to 6billion.

6) The Allied armies also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s.

Q5. What was the impact of first war on Germany?

Ans. 1) The war had a devastating impact on the entire continent both psychologically and financially.

2) The infant Weimar Republic was being made to pay for the sins of the old Empire.

3) The republic carried the burden of war guilt and national humiliation and was financially crippled by being forced to pay compensation.

Q6. Who were called as November criminals? Or

Define November criminals.

Ans. Those who supported the Weimer Republic, mainly socialists, Catholics and Democrats, became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circles. They were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’.

Q7. What was the effect of first world war on European society?

Ans. 1) The first world war left a deep imprint on European society and polity.

2) Soldiers came to be placed above civilians.

3) Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.

4) The media glorified trench life. The truth, however, was that soldiers lived miserable lives in these trenches, trapped with rats feeding in corpses.

5) Aggressive in these propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage in the public sphere.

Q8. What factors led to economic crisis in Germany in 1923? Who helped Germany to move act of crisis?

Ans. 1) Germany was hit by the economic crisis of 1923.

2) Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold.

3) This depleted gold reserves at a time resources were scarce.      

4) In 1923, Germany refused to pay, and the French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal.

5) Germany retaliated with passive resistance and printed paper currency recklessly.

6) With too much printed money in circulation, the value of the German mark fell.

7) As the value of the mark collapsed, prices of goods soared. This crisis came to be known as hyperinflation.

8) The Americans intervened and bailed Germany out of the crisis by introducing the Dawes plan.

Q9. What was the effect of great economic depression of 1920s on USA and Germany?

Ans. 1) 3 years, between 1929 and 1932, the national income of the USA fell by half.

2) Factories shut down, exports fell, farmers were badly and speculators withdrew their money from the market.

3) The effects of this recession in the US economy were felt worldwide.

4) The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis.

5) By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40% of the 1929 level.

6) Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages.

7) As jobs disappeared, the youth took to criminal activities and total despair became commonplace.

Q10. “The economic crisis in Germany due to the great depression created deep anxieties and fears in the people of Germany”. Explain

Ans. 1) The economic crisis created deep anxieties and fears in people. The middle classes, especially salaried employees and pensioners, saw their savings diminish when the currency lost its value.

2) Small businessman, the self-employed and retailers as their businesses got ruined.

3) Only organised workers could manage to keep their heads above water, but employment weakened their bargaining power.

4) Big business was in crisis.

5) The large mass of peasantry was effected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices.

Q11. Justify with 4 points that politically the Weimar republic in German was fragile.

Ans. 1) The Weimer constitution had some inherent defects, which made it unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship.

2) Another defect was Article 48, which gave the president the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

3) Within its short life, the Weimar republic saw 20 different cabinets lasting on an average 239 days.

4) People lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system, which seemed to offer no solutions.

Q12. State the main feature of enabling act passed by Hitler.

Ans. 1) On 3 March 1933, the famous enabling act was passed. This act establishing dictatorship in Germany.

2) It gave Hitler all powers to side-line parliament and rule by decree.

3) All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi party and its affiliates.

4) The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.

Q13. Which event marked the beginning of the second world war?

Ans. 1) In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England.

2) In September 1940, a tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan strengthening Hitler’s to international power.

Q14. Why did not USA joined world war 2^nd in the beginning? Which incident led to its entry in the war?

Ans. 1) The USA had resisted involvement in the war.

2) It was unwilling to once again face all the economic problems that the first world war had caused.

3) But it could not stay out of the war for long.

4) Japan was expanding its power in the east. It had occupied French Indo-china and was planning attacks on US Naval bases in the Pacific. When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbour, the US entered the 2^nd world war.

5) The war ended in May 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and the US dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan.

Q15. State the main features of Nazi ideology.

Ans. 1) Nazi ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s worldview.

2) According to this, there was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy.

3) In this view blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while Jews were located at the lowest rung.

4) Other coloured people were placed in between depending upon their external features.

Q16. Write a note on school under Nazism.

Ans. 1) Ale schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’. This meant that teachers who were Jews or seen as ‘politically unreliable’ were dismissed.

2) Children were first segregated: Germans and Jews could not sit together or play together.

3) Subsequently, ‘undesirable children’ – Jews, the physically handicapped, Gypsies- were thrown out of schools.

4) ‘Good German’ children were subjected to a process of Nazi schooling.

5) School textbooks were rewritten. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race.

6) Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler.

Q17. Discuss the life of youth in Nazi’s Germany.

Ans. 1) Youth organisations were made responsible for educating German youth in the ‘the spirit of National Socialism’.

2) At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation- Hitler Youth- where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy, and hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those categorised as ‘undesirable’.

3) After a period of rigorous ideological and physical training, they joined the labour service, usually at the age of 18. Then they had to serve in the armed forces and enter one of the Nazi organisations.

Q18. What were Nazi’s views about equality of men and women?

Ans. 1) Children in Nazi Germany were repeatedly told that women were radically different from men.      

2) The fight for equal rights for men and women that had become part of democratic struggles was wrong and it would destroy society.

3) While boys were to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted, girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children.

Q19. What treatment were given to the mothers in Nazi’s Germany?

Ans. 1) In Nazi Germany, all mothers were not treated equally.

2) Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were rewarded.

3) They were given favoured treatment in hospitals and were also entitled to concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fanes.

4) To encourage women to produce many children, Honour crosses were awarded.

Q20. What punishment were given to the women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct given by Nazi’s in Germany?

Ans. 1) All ‘Aryan’ women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publically condemned, and severely punished.

2) Those who maintained contact with Jews, Poles and Russians were paraded through the town with shaved heads.

3) Blackened faces and placards hanging and their necks announcing ‘I have sullied the honour of the nation’.

4) Many received jail sentences and lost their civil honour as well as their husbands and families for this ‘criminal offence’.

Q21. Discuss the role of media in spreading Nazi ideology in Germany.

Ans. 1) Media was carefully used to win support for the region and popularise its worldview.

2) Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radios, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets.

3) In posters groups identified as the ‘enemies’ of Germans were stereotyped, mocked, abused and described as evil.

4) Socialists and liberals were represented as weak and degenerate.

5) Propaganda films were made to create hatred for Jews.

Q22. How did media portrays Jews under Nazi Germany?

Ans. 1) Propaganda films were made to create hatred for Jews.

2) Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and mocked.

3) They were shown with flowing beards wearing Kaftans.

4) Their movements were compared to those of rodents.

5) Nazism worked on the minds of the people, trapped their emotions and turned their hatred and anger at those marked as ‘undesirable’.

Q23. How did the common people react to Nazism?

Ans. 1) Many saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke their mind in Nazi language.

2) They felt hatred and anger surge inside them when they saw someone who looked like a Jew.

3) But not every German was a Nazi. Many organised active resistance to Nazism, braving police repression and death. 

4) The large majority of Germans, however, were passive on lookers and apathetic witness. They were too scared to act, to differ, to protest.

5) They preferred to look away.

Q24. How did the Jews felt about themselves in Nazi Germany? Explain with the help of writing of Charlotte Beradt.

Ans. Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people’s dreams in her diary and later published them in a book called the Third Riech of Dreams.

2. She describes how jews themselves began believing in the Nazi streotypes about them.

3. They dreamt of their hooked noses, black hair and eyes, Jewish looks and body movements.

4. The stereotypical images publicised in the Nazi press hunted the jews.

5. They troubled them even in their dreams , jews died many deaths even before they reached the gas chamber.

Q25. How did the world came to know about the torture of Nazi on the Jews in Germany?

Ans. It was only after the war ended and Germany was defeated that the world came to realise the horrors of what had happened to the Jews in Germany.

2. The Jews wanted the world to remember their sufferings they had endured during the Nazi killing operations – also called the Holocaust.

3. This indomitable spirit to bear  and to preserve the documents can be seen in many Ghetto and camp inhabitants who wrote diaries kept notebooks, created archieves.

Q26. Write a short  note on early years of  Hitler’s life.

 Ans. Born in 1889 in Austria , Hitler spent his youth in poverty. When the first world war broke out , he enrolled for the army, acted as a messenger, in the front, became a corporal and earned medals for bravery. The German defeat horrified him and the Versailles treaty made him furious. In 1919, he joined a small group called the German workers party. He subsequently took over the organisation and renamed it with National Socialist. German worker’s Party. This party came to be known as Nazi Party.

Q27. How did Nazi party become a popular party in Germany?

The Nazi could not effectively mobilise popular support till the early 1930s. It was during the great depression that Nazism became a mass movement. As we have seen after 1929, banks collapsed and business shut down workers lost their jobs and the middle classes were treated with destitution. In such a situation Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of the better future.

Q28. “Hitler was a powerful speaker” support the given statement with 3 points.

Ans. Hitler was a powerful speaker. His passion and his words moved the people.

2. He promised to build a strong nation, under the injustice of the versallies treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. He promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth.

3. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiraces’ against Germany.

Q29. How did Hitler re-construct Germany?

Ans. Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economics Hjalmar Schact who aimed at full production and full employment through a state – funded work creation programme.

2. This project produced the famous German super highway and the people’s car , the Volkswagen.

3. He reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1936 under the slogan ‘one people, one empire and one leader’.

Q29. What was the Nazi ideology about races ?

Ans. Nazi ideology did not give equality to the people.

2. Only Nordic German Aryans were regarded as the superior and Jews regarded as the superior and the Jews were at the lowest track.

3. According to this only those species could be regarded as superior who were purely Aryans.

4. The Nazi’s said that the strongest species would survive and the weak perish.