Class 10th - Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Lesson -4  Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Q1. How have markets been transformed in the recent years? Explain with example.

Ans. As consumers in today’s world, some of us have a wide choice of goods and services before us. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within our reach. Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. Gone are the days when Ambassador and Fiat were the only cars on Indian roads. Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods.

Q2.  What do you mean by MNC’S ?

Ans.  Multinational corporations (MNCs) emerged on the scene. A MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNCs can earn greater profits.

Q3.  How are MNC’S spreading production across the globe? Explain

Ans. A large MNC, producing industrial equipment, designs its products in research centres in the United States, and then has the components manufactured in China. These are then shipped to Mexico and Eastern Europe where the products are assembled and the finished products are sold all over the world. Meanwhile, the company’s customer care is carried out through call centres located in India. The MNC is not only selling its finished products globally, but more important, the goods and services are produced globally. As a result, production is organised in increasingly complex ways.

Q4. Which factors are responsible for the setup of MNC’s in other countries?

Ans. They setup productions at regions close to market.

2. A place where skilled and cheap labour is available.

3. A place where all other factories for productions are available.

Q5. What are the various ways in which company links different country?

                                                Or

“Production is  widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked”. Comment

Ans. There are variety of ways in which MNC’s are spreading their productions and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe, they are linking countries by:

1.       Setting up partnership with local companies.

2.       By using the local companies for supply under the name of their brand.

3.       By closely competing with local companies or buying them.

4.       By bringing the latest technology.

5.       MNC’s are executing strong influence or production at these distant locations.

6.       Hence production is widely dispersed is getting interlinked.

Q6. What do you mean by foreign investment?

Ans. MNCs set up factories and offices for production. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment. Investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment. Any investment is made with the hope that these assets will earn profits.

Q7. Distinguish between foreign trade and foreign investment.

Ans. Foreign Investment- Investment of money in foreign countries in any large industry or MNC.

Foreign Trade- Exchange of goods and resources through ecological boundaries of two countries.

Q8. How does foreign trade help in integrations of the foreign markets of different countries? Give Examples.

Ans. foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets, i.e., markets of their own countries.

2. Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.

3. Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

4. For Eg- Chinese manufacturers exports toys to India, which are sold at a high price.

Q9. What are the advantages of international trade to consumers.

Ans. with the opening of trade, goods travel from one market to another. Choice of goods in the markets rises. Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal. And, producers in the two countries now closely compete against each other even though they are separated by thousands of miles!

Q10. What is Globalisation?

Ans. Globalisation is this process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.

Q11. What are the factors that have enabled globalisation?

Ans. 1. Technology

Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.

2. Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy

 Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy has also contributed towards globalisation .

Q12. How has the rapid movement in technology stimulated globalisation . state some examples.

Ans. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.

2. Improvements in transportation technology  has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

3. Developments in information and communication technology brought remarkable changes in globalisation.

4. Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world.

5. Information and communication technology (or IT in short) has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries.

Q13. What is trade barrier ?

                Or

Why is tax seen as trade barrier?

Ans. Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier. It is called a barrier because some restriction has been set up. Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country.

Q14. What do you understand by liberalisation of foreign trade?

Ans. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as liberalisation. With liberalisation of trade, businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export. The government imposes much less restrictions than before and is therefore said to be more liberal.

Q15. Why did India set up trade barrier after independence?

Ans. The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered necessary

·         To protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.

·         Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up.

Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilisers, petroleum etc.

Q16. “Barriers to foreign investment were removed to a large extent in 1991 in India” Explain.

Ans. Around 1991, some far reaching changes in policy were made in India, as all the trade barriers were removed and it was announced that indian producers could compete with foreign countries. They believe that it would improve the inside industries. This was supported by investment organisations. This meant that resources can easily be exported around the world.

Q17. Write a short note on WTO.

Ans. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is one such organisation whose aim is to liberalise international trade. Started at the initiative of the developed countries, WTO establishes rules regarding international trade, and sees that these rules are obeyed. 149 countries of the world are currently members of the WTO (2006).

Q18. Developed countries are benefited by foreign trade at the cost of welfare for developing countries? Explain with the help of an example.

Ans. WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers.

Eg:- The agriculture sector provides the bulk of employment and a significant portion of the GDP in India. Compare this to a developed country such as the US with the share of agriculture in GDP at 1% and its share in total employment a tiny 0.5%! And yet this very small percentage of people who are engaged in agriculture in the US receive massive sums of money from the US government for production and for exports to other countries. Due to this massive money that they receive, US farmers can sell the farm products at abnormally low prices. The surplus farm products are sold in other country markets at low prices, adversely affecting farmers in our  country.

Q19. What has been the impact of Globalisation on the countries?

Or

Globalisation and greater competition among producers has given advantages to consumers?

Ans.  Globalisation and greater competition among producers - both local and foreign producers - has been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas.

2. There is greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products.

3. As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.

Q20. Describe the problems associated with globalisation for producers at local level and small workers.

Ans. Small producers or workers are unable to compete in international market therefore they are forced to either reduced their expectations or ever shit down.

2. Income inequalities have increased in many countries.

3. The overall inequalities rate has increased.

4. Most of the workers today are employed in unorganised sector.

5. Faced with growing competition, most employers nowadays prefer to employ workers flexibly, which leads to insecurity of job for the workers.

Q21. Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian Economy?

Ans. Globalisation has created competition among both local and foreign producers which benefited to consumers by producing greater choices.

2. It has also created new opportunities for employement mainly in IT.

3. It has grabbed some indian industries to become MNC’s for rg- TISCO , TATA MOTORs etc.

4. New jobs are created and industries are set up.

5. Globalisation helped in the growth of society.

Q22. What are special Economic Zones? Why have they been set up?

Ans. In recent years, the central and state governments in India are taking special steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India. Industrial zones, called Special Economic Zones (SEZs), are being set up. SEZs are to have world class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.

Q23. What are the characteristics of SEZ?

Ans. Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.

2. SEZs are to have world class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities.

3. Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.

Q24. How government can ensure fair globalisation to its people

                                Or

‘Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better’. Support the statement.

Ans. Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all the people in the country.

2. The government can ensure that the  labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights.

3. It can support small producers.

4. It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’.

5. It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO.

Climate - lesson 4 (class 9th)

Climate (l-4) class 9^th

Q1. Distinguish between weather and climate.

Ans. Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time.

Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.

Q2. What are the elements for measuring weather and climate of a place?

Ans. Temperature, atmosphere, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.

Q3. Define the monsoon.

Ans. The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which literally means season. Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.

Q4. Mention the factors that affect the climate of a place?

Ans. There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are lattitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features.

Latitude- Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude.

Altitude - As one goes from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases.

Pressure and wind - The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude and altitude of the place.

 Distance from the sea- As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather conditions.  (i.e. very hot during summers and very cold during winters).

Ocean currents-  Ocean currents along with onshore winds affect the climate of the coastal areas.

Relief- relief too plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High mountains act as barriers for cold or hot winds; they may also cause precipitation if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. The leeward side of mountains remains dry.

Q5. Explain how latitude and altitude affect the climate of India?

Lattitude- The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east. Almost half of the country, lying south of the Tropic of Cancer, belongs to the tropical area. All the remaining area, north of the Tropic, lies in the sub-tropics. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.

Altitude- India has mountains to the north. The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the subcontinent. It is because of these mountains that this subcontinent experiences comparatively milder winters as compared to central Asia.

Q6. Mention 3 atmospheric conditions which govern the climate and associated weather condition in India?

Ans. The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by the following atmospheric conditions:

 • Pressure and surface winds;

 • Upper air circulation; and

• Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.   
                                                                      (

Q7. Discuss the mechanism of monsoon in India.

Ans. The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20° N and 20° S. To understand the mechanism of the monsoons, the following facts are important.

 (a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.

(b) The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga plain .

(c) The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean.

(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of high pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.

(e) The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.

Q8. State the main features of cold weather season in India.

Ans. The cold weather season begins from mid November in northern India and stays till February. 2. December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.

3. The temperature decreases from south to the north.

4. Days are warm and nights are cold.

5. Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall.

Q9. State the main features of hot weather season in india.

Ans. The hot weather season begins from March and stays till May.

2. The summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country.

3. A striking feature of the hot weather season is the ‘loo’.

4. Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India.

5. Days are long and nights are short.

Q10. State any 3 characteristic features of advancing monsoon?

Ans. By early June, the low-pressure condition over the northern plains intensifies.

2. It attracts, the trade winds of the southern hemisphere.

3. As these winds blow over warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent. These winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour.

Q11. State any 3 characteristic features of retreating monsoon monsoon?

Ans. During October-November, with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south, the monsoon trough or the low-pressure trough over the northern plains becomes weaker.

2. The south-west monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually.

3. By the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the Northern Plains.

                                                                                                                                                                       Q12. “The monsoon of india is known for its uncertanities.” Explain

Ans. The monsoon is known for its uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary in intensity, frequency and duration. While it causes heavy floods one part, it may be responsible for droughts in the other. It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat. Hence, it sometimes disturbs the farming schedule of millions of farmers all over the country.

Q13. Explain the distribution of rainfall as a result of monsoon winds in India

Ans. The western coast and northeastern India receive over about 400 cm of rainfall annualy.

 2.it is less than 60 cm in western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.

 3. Rainfall is equally low in the interior of the Deccan plateau, and east of the Sahyadris.

4.  A third area of low precipitation is around Leh in Jammu and Kashmir.

 5. The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall. Snowfall is restricted to the Himalayan region.

Q14. Explain how monsoon acts as a unifying bond in India.

Ans. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons.

2. Even the uncertainties of rain and uneven distribution are very much typical of the monsoons.

3. The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agricultural calendar and the life of the people, including their festivities, revolve around this phenomenon.

4.Year after year, people of India from north to south and from east to west eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon.

5. These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the agricultural activities in motion.

Democratic Rights - Class 9th ( Pol Sc.)

                                                  Democratic Rights

Q1. What were the problems faced by the prisoners of Guantanamo Bay?

Ans. In most cases the governments of their countries were not asked or even informed about

their imprisonment.

2. Families of prisoners, media or even UN representatives were not allowed to meet them.

3. The US army arrested them, interrogated them and decided whether to keep them there

or not.

4. There was no trial before any magistrate in the US. Nor could these prisoners approach courts in their own country.

Q2. What is the Amnesty International? How did this organisation highlight the issue of the problems faced by the prisoners of Guantanamo Bay?

Ans. An international organisation of volunteers who campaign for human rights.

2. Amnesty International, organisation, collected information on the condition of the prisoners in

Guantanamo Bay and reported that the prisoners were being tortured in ways that violated the US laws.

3. They were being denied the treatment that even prisoners of war must get as per international treaties.

4.  Many prisoners had tried protesting against these conditions by going on a hunger strike.

 5. Prisoners were not released even after they were officially declared not guilty.

Q3. Discuss the position of the citizens of Saudi Arabia with regard to their  govt. and citizens right?

Ans. The country is ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or

changing their rulers.

2.  The king selects the legislature as well as the executive.

3. He appoints the judges and can change any of their decisions.

4.  Citizens cannot form political partiies or any political organisations.

5. Media cannot report anything that the monarch does not like.

6. There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen is required to be Muslim. Non-Muslim residents

can follow their religion in private, but not in public.

7.  Women are subjected to many public restrictions.

Q4. Write the main features of ethnic massacre in Kosovo?

Ans. This was a province of Yugoslavia before its split. In this province the population was

 ethnic Albanian. But in the entire country, Serbs  were in majority.

2. A narrow minded Serb nationalist Milosevic (pronounced Miloshevich) had won the election.

3.His government was very hostile to the Kosovo Albanians.

4.  He wanted the Serbs to dominate the country. Many Serb leaders thought that Ethnic

minorities like Albanians should either leave the country or accept the dominance of the Serbs.

5. the serbs army conducted many massacre on ethnic grounds. One of which was killing of Albanians in a town in Kosovo in April 1999.

6. This was one of the worst instances of killing based on ethnic prejudices.

7. Finally several other countries intervened to stop this massacre. Milosevic lost power and was tried by the  International Court of Justice for crimes against humanity.

Q5. What are rights?

Ans. Rights are reasonable claims of persons recognised by society and sanctioned by law.

Q6. Why do we need rights in a democracy?

Ans. Rights are necessary for the very sustenance of a democracy.

2. Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority.

3. They ensure that the majority cannot do whatever it likes.

4.Rights are guarantees which can be used when things go wrong.

5. But sometimes elected governments may not protect or may even attack the rights

of their own citizens. That is why some rights need to be placed higher than the government, so that the government cannot violate them.

Q7. What are Fundamental rights?

Ans. Fundamental Rights are certain rights guaranteed to every Indian citizen by the constitution of India. Since these Rights are fundamental to our life , therefore these are given a special status in our constitution and are thus called fundamental rights.

Q8. Mention the 6 fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian constitution to every Indian citizen?

Ans. right to equality

2. Right to Freedom

3. Right against Exploitation

4. Right to freedom of Religion

5. cultural and Educational right

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Q9. What is meant by Rule of Law?

Ans. The Constitution says that the government shall not deny to any person in India equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws.

2. It means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status. This is called the rule of law.

3. It means that no person is above the law.

Q10. What is untouchability? Why the practice of untouchability has been made a punishable offence in the constitution of India?

Ans. It refers to any belief or social practice which looks down upon people on account of their birth with certain caste labels.

2. The practice of untouchability has been forbidden in any form because such practice denies certain castes interaction with others or access to public places as equal citizens. So the constitution made untouchability a punishable offence.

Q11. State the main features of Right to Equality?

Ans. Every citizen from the Prime Minister to a small farmer is subjected to the same laws.

2. No person can legally claim any special treatment or privilege.

3. the govt. shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, caste, sex, or place of birth.

4. Every citizen shall have access to public places like shops, hotels, cinema halls etc.

5. there shall be no restrictions with  regard to the use of wells, tanks, roads, playgrounds etc and places of public resorts maintained by govt or dedicated to the use of general public.  

Q12. Mention the 6 freedoms guaranteed by Indian Constitution to all its citizens under right to freedom?

Ans. Freedom of speech and expression

 Assembly in a peaceful manner

 Form associations and unions

 Move freely throughout the country

 Reside in any part of the country, and

 Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Q13. Define the term Freedom.

Ans. Freedom means absence of restrictions. It means absence of interference in our affairs by others.

Q14. What freedoms under freedom of speech and expression are given to Indian citizens?

Ans. Freedom of speech and expression is one of the essential features of any democracy.

2. Our ideas and personality develop only when we are able to freely communicate with others.

3. In India people are free to publicise their views through a pamphlet, magazines, newspaper etc.

4. they are free to criticise the govt. or the activities of any association.

Q15. What are the limitations of freedom of speech and expression?

Ans. People cannot use this freedom to instigate violence against

others.

2. One  cannot use it to incite people to rebel against government.

3. Neither can one use it to defame others by saying false and mean things that cause damage to a person’s reputation.

Q16. What provisions are given in Indian constitution with respect to right to life and personal liberty?

Ans. The Constitution says that no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

2. It means that no person can be killed unless the court has ordered a death sentence.

3.It also means that a government or police officer can arrest or detain any citizen unless

he has proper legal justification.

Q17. What procedure a police officer has to follow while arresting a person ?

Ans. A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the reasons for such arrest and detention.

 A person who is arrested and detained shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a

period of 24 hours of arrest.

 Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence.

Q18. What three evils have been declared illegal by the Indian Constitution under right against exploitation?

Ans. First, the Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic here means selling and

buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.

2. Second, our Constitution also prohibits forced labour or begar in any form. Begar is a practice where the worker is forced to render service to the ‘master’ free of charge or at a low wages.

3. Finally, the Constitution also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of

fourteen to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work, such as railways and ports.

Q19. What freedom with respect to religion are given to Indian citizen under right to freedom of Religion?

Ans. Every person has a right to profess, practice and propagate the religion he or she believes in.

2.Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.

3. A right to propagate one’s religion, however, does not mean that a person has right to compel another person to convert into his religion by means of force.

4.A person is free to change religion on his or her ownwill.

5.Freedom to practice religion does not mean that a person can do whatever he wants in the name of religion.

6. Our religious practices should not hurt the humanity in any respect.

Q20. What are the main features of a secular state?

Ans. A secular state is one that does not confer any privilege or favour on any particular religion.

2. Nor does it punish or discriminate against people on the basis of religion they follow.

3. The government cannot compel any person to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of

any particular religion or religious institution.

4. There shall be no religious instructions in the govt. educational institutions.

5. A secular state is one that does not establish any one religion as official religion.

6. a state has to be neutral and impartial in dealing with all religions.

Q21. Why did our constitution makers guaranteed cultural and educational rights particularly for the minorities in India?

Ans.Our constitution makers were aware that the working of democracy gives power to the

majority.

2.  It is the language, culture and religion of minorities that needs special protection.

3. Otherwise, they may get neglected or undermined under the impact of the language, religion and culture of the majority.

4. That is why the Constitution specifies the cultural and educational rights of the minorities.

Q22. What cultural and educational rights for the minorities are mentioned in the Indian constitution?

Ans. Any section of citizens with a distinct language or culture have a right to conserve it.

 Admission to any educational institution maintained by government or receiving government aid cannot be denied to any citizen on the ground of religion or language.

 All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Q23. State the main features of right to constitutional remedies?

                                Or

Give reason why Dr. Ambedkar called the right to constitutional remedies heart and soul of Indian Constitution?

Ans. Right to constitutional Remedies makes other rights effective.

2. It is possible that sometimes our rights may be violated by fellow citizens , private bodies or by the govt.

3. According to right to constitutional remedies when any of our rights are violated , we can seek remedy through courts.

4. If it is a fundamental right we can directly approach the supreme court or the high court of a state.

5. That is why Dr. Ambedkar called the Right to Constitutional Remedies, the heart and soul of our constitution.

Q24. How are our fundamental rights guaranteed against the action of the govt.?

Ans. Fundamental Rights are guaranteed against the actions of the Legislatures, the Executive, and

any other authorities instituted by the government.

2. If any act of the Legislature or the Executive takes away or limits any of the Fundamental Rights it will be invalid.

3. We can challenge such laws of the central and state governments, the policies and actions of the government.

4.Courts also enforce the Fundamental Rights against private individuals and bodies.

5. The supreme court and high courts have the power to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of the fundamental rights.

6. They can also award compensation to the victims and punishment to the violators.

Q25. What are writs?

Ans. a formal document containing an order of the court to the court to the govt. issued only by high court or the supreme court.

Q26. Write a short note on National Human rights Commission?

Ans. This is an independent commission set up by law in 1993.

2. Like judiciary, the Commission is independent of the government.

3. The Commission is appointed by the President and includes retired judges, officers and eminent citizens.

4. It focus on helping the victims secure their human rights.

5. the NHRC cannot by itself punish the guilty.

6. the NHRC is there to make independent inquiry into any case of violation of human rights.

7. the commission presents its findings and recommendations to the govt. or intervene in the court on behalf of the victims.

Q27. Write a note on the expanding scope of rights in India?

Ans. Fundamental Rights granted by the Constitution are not the only rights   citizen have.

2.    Apart from our Constitution and law offers a wider range of rights.

3. Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information, and right to education

are derived from the Fundamental Rights.

4.  Recently the supreme court has expanded the meaning of the right to the life to include the right to food.

5. Sometimes the expansion takes place in the form of human rights which are universal moral claims that may or may not have been recognised by law.

Q28. What new rights are guaranteed by the constitution of south Africa to its citizens ?

Ans. Right to privacy.

 Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well- being;

 Right to have access to adequate housing.

 Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one may be refused emergency medical treatment.