CHAPTER-2
PEOPLE AS RESOURCE
Q1. Define the following:
(i) Human capital- Human capital is the
stock of skill and productive knowledge embedded in them.
(ii) Human capital formation- When the
existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and
healthy, we call it ‘human capital formation’.
Q2. What do you understand by ‘people
as a resource’?
Ans. ‘People
as resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people terms of their
existing productive skills and abilities.
Q3. How do we make investments in
human capital? What is its use?
Ans.
Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical care) yields
a return just like investment in physical capital. This can be seen directly in
the form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the move
educated or the better trained persons, as well as higher productivity of
healthier people.
Q4. How is human capital superior
than other resources?
Ans. Human
capital is in one way superior to other resources like land and physical
capital. Haman resource can use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot
become useful on its own.
Q5. Explain how can population in a
country can be converted from our liability to an asset?
Ans.
Liability can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital
(for example, by spending resources on education and health for all, training
of industrial and agricultural workers in the use of modern technology, useful
scientific researches and so on.
Q6. How is the child of an educated
parent different from that of an uneducated parents? Or
Why do educated parents invest more
heavily on the education and medical care of their children?
Ans. 1)
Educated parents are found to invest more heavily on the education of their
child.
2) This is
because they have realised the importance of education for themselves.
3) They are
also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene.
4) They
accordingly look after their children’s needs for education at school and good
health.
5) A
virtuous cycle is thus created in this case. In contrast, the vicious cycle may
be disadvantaged parents who, themselves uneducated and locking in hygiene.
Keep their children in the similarly
disadvantaged state.
Q7. Justify with the example of Japan
the importance of investment in human resource?
Ans. 1)
Countries like Japan have invested in human resource. They did not have any
natural resource.
2) These
countries are developed/rich countries. They import the natural resource needed
in their country.
3) They have
invested on people especially in the field of education and health.
4) These
people have made efficient use of other resource like land and capital.
5)
Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries
rich/developed.
Q8. Name the 3 factors into which all
the activities are classified. Write examples of each. Or
Mention the 3 types of economic
activities with 2-2 examples of each.
Ans. The
various activities have been classified into 3 main sectors:
1) Primary
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary
2 examples
of each:
1) Primary
sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry
farming, mining and quarrying.
2)
Manufacturing is included in the secondary sector.
3) Trade,
transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services,
insurance etc. are included in the tertiary services.
Q9. Explain the historical division
of labour between men and women.
Ans. 1) Due
to historical and cultural reasons there is a division of labour between men
and women in the family.
2) Women
generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields.
3) Women are
not paid for their service delivered in the family whereas men are paid for
their work.
Q10. How is the condition of women
working in an unorganised sector different from those working in organised
sector?
Ans. Women
working in an unorganised sector
Women are
paid low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there.
Various activities relating to legal protection is meagre. Employment in this
sector is characterised by irregular and low income. In this sector there is an
absence of basic facilities like maternity leave, childcare and other social
security systems.
Women
working in an organised sector
Women with
high education and skill formation are paid at par with the men. Among the
organised sector, teaching and medicine attract them the most. Some women have
entered administrative and other services including job, that need high levels
of scientific and technological competence.
Q11. What are the 3 factors on which
the quality of population depends? What is the main importance of finding the
quality of population?
Ans. 1) The
quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person
indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the
country.
2)
Illiterate and unhealthy population are the liability for the economy. Literate
and healthy people population are an asset.
Q12. What steps have been taken by
the government to improve the education status of our country?
Ans. 1)
There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality
in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
2) There is
also an establishment of pace setting of schools like Navodaya Vidalia in each
district.
3)
Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school
students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.
4) The plan
outlay on education has increased from Rs151 crore in the first plan to
Rs3766.90 in the eleventh plan.
Q13. What are the results of the measures
taken by the government to improve the level of people of India?
Ans. 1) The
literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11.
2) Literacy
among males in nearly 16.6% higher than females and it is about 16.1% higher in
urban areas as compared to the rural areas.
3) Literacy
rates vary from 93.9% in Kerala to 63% in Bihar.
4) The
Primary school system has expanded to over 7.68 lakhs in 2004-05.
Q14. Write the short note on Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan.
Ans. 1)
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary
education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years by 2010.
2) It is the
time bound initiator of the central government, in partnership with the states,
the local government and the community for achieving the goal of
universalisation of elementary education.
3) Along
with it, bridge courses and back-to-school camps have been initiated to
increase the enrolment in elementary education.
4) Mid-day
meal scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of
children and improve their nutritional status.
Q15. State the main features of
eleventh year plan. Or
What provisions are given in the 11th
year plan for increasing the literacy rates of our country?
Ans. 1) The
11th plan endeawared to increase the enrolment in higher education
of 18-23 years age group to 15% by 2011-12.
2) The
strategy focuses on increasing access, quality, adoption of states-specific curriculum
modification and vocationalisation and networking on the use of information
technology.
3) The plan
also focuses distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal distant and
IT education institutions.
Q16. Write a short note on national
policy 2002.
Ans. 1) Our
national policy, too aims at improving the accessibility of health care, family
welfare and nutritional services with the special focus or the under privileged
segment of population.
2) Over the
last 5 decades India has built up a last health infrastructure and has
developed man power required at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in
government as well as in the private sector.
Q17. Examine the result of the
measures taken by the government to improve the health status of the country?
Ans. 1)
These measures adopted have increased the life expectancy to over 65 years in
2011.
2) Infant
mortality rate (IMR) has come down from 147 in 1951 to 47 in 2010.
3) Crude
birth rates have dropped to 22.1 and death rates to 7 within the same duration
of time.
4) Increase
in life expectancy and improvement in child care are useful in assessing the
future progress of the country.
Q18. Define the following:
i) Infant Mortality rate- Infant mortality rate is the death
of the child under 1 year of age.
ii) Birth rate- Birth rate is the no. of babies
born there for every 1000 people during a particular period of time.
iii) Death rate- Death rate is the number of people
per 1000 who die during a particular period of time.
Q19. Define unemployment.
Ans.
Unemployment is said to exists when people who are willing to work at the going
wages cannot find jobs.
Q20. Explain 2 types of employment in
rural areas.
Ans. In
cases of rural areas, there are 2 types of unemployment:
i) Seasonal
unemployment
ii)
Disguised unemployment
SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
1) Seasonal
unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months
of the year.
2) People
dependent upon agriculture usually face such kind of problem.
Disguised Unemployment
1) In case
of disguised unemployment people appear to be employed.
2) They have
agricultural plot where they find work.
3) This
usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural society.
4) The work
requires the service of 5 people but engages 8 people. 3 people are extra.
Q21. Write a note on educated
unemployed in India. Or
What type of unemployment can be seen
in urban areas in India?
Ans. 1) In
case of urban areas educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon.
Many youth
with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find
job.
2) A
paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower in certain
categories coexist with shortage of manpower in others.
3) There is
unemployment among technically qualified person on one hand, while there is a
dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.
Q22. What are the ill-effects of
unemployment on the individual as well as on the country as the whole? Or
What are the consequences of
unemployment? Or
‘Hence unemployment has detrimental
impact on the overall growth of an economy.’ Explain. Or
‘Increase in unemployment is an
indicator of the depressed economy.’ Explain.
Ans. 1)
Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.
2) People
who are an asset for the economy turn into the liability.
3) There is
the feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.
4) People do
not have enough money to support their family.
5)
Unemployment tends to increase economic overload.
6) The
dependence of the unemployed on the working population increase.
7) The
quality of life of an individual as well as of society is adversely affected.
8) Hence,
unemployment has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy.
9) Increase
in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy.
Q23. Explain, ‘In case of India, the
unemployment rate is low.’
Ans. 1) A
large number of people represented with low income and productivity are counted
as employed.
2) They
appear to work throughout the year but in terms of their potential and income,
it is not adequate for them.
3) The work
that they are pursuing seems forced upon them.
4) They may
therefore want other work of their choice.
Q24. What types of employment can be
seen in primary sector in India and why?
Ans. 1) The
employment structure is characterised by self-employment in the primary sector.
2) The whole
family contributes in the field even though not everybody is really needed.
3) So, there
is disguised unemployment in the agriculture sector.
4) This
concept of sharing of work in the field and the produce raised reduces the
hardship of unemployment in the rural sector.
5) But this
does not reduce the poverty of the family.
Q25. Discuss the unemployment
scenario in 3 sectors of Indian economy.
Ans. 1)
Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. In recent
years, there has been a decline in the dependence of population on agriculture
partly because of disguised unemployment.
2) Some of
the surplus labour in agriculture has moved to either the secondary or the
tertiary sector.
3) In the
secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing.
4) In case
of the tertiary sector, various new services are now appearing like
biotechnology, information technology and so on.
Q26. What is the role of health in
human capital formation?
Ans. 1)
Healthier people have higher productivity because the health of the person
helps in to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness.
2) An
unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation.
3) Health
improves the quality of life. A healthy person can do his work properly and
efficiently.
4) Good
health helps the individual to earn more because he can work regularly without
any break or leave.
5) Healthy
people are productive asset. Their productivity adds to the growth of the
economy.
Q27. What is the role of education in
human capital formation?
Ans. 1)
Educated people earn more than the educated.
2) Literate
population is an asset. It leads to higher productivity.
3) It opens
new horizon for the person.
4) It
provides new aspirations and develop values of life.
5) Education
contributes towards the growth of society. It enhances the national income,
cultural richness and increased the efficiency of governance.
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