chapter-4 , Gender , Religion and Caste (class -10th) Pol. Sc.

                  CHAPTER- 4

       GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE

Q1. What is a patriarchal society?

Ans. A male dominating society in which all the decisions are taken by male members and women face disadvantage, discrimination and operation is called a patriarchal society.

Q2. Examine the women’s political representation in India.   Or

Justify that women representation in India is very low?

Ans. 1) In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low.

2) For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has crossed 10 percent of its total strength for the first time in 2009.

3) Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 percent.

4) India is among the bottom group of nations in the world with respect to women’s political representation.

5) In the government, cabinets are largely all male even when a women becomes the chief minister or the prime minister.

Q3. How can the women’s political representation can be increased? Or

How can the condition of women in India can be improved?

Ans. 1) Many feminists and women’s movements concluded that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention.

2) One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.

3) It should be made legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.

Q4. Define communalism.

Ans. Communalism arises in a country when people of one particular region consider themselves superior to the other religion whereby they take actions to benefit the people of their religion at the cost of harming the other religion.

  

Q5. Give 3 examples to prove that mixing of religion with politics is not always wrong.

Ans. 1) Gandhi ji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

2) Human rights groups in our country have demanded that the government take special steps to protect religious minorities.

3) Women’s movement has argued that family laws of all religious discriminate against women. So they have demanded that government should change these laws to make them more equitable.

Q6. “ Mixing of religion with politics is not always wrong or dangerous”. Explain.

Ans. 1) Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions can and should play a role in politics.

2) People should be able to express in politics their needs, interests and demands as a number of a religious community.

3) Those who hold political power sometimes be able to regulate the practice of religion so as to prevent discrimination and oppression.

4) These political acts are not wrong as long as they treat every religion equally.

Q7. When do mixing of religion with politics become a problem for a country?

Ans. 1) The problem begins when religion is seen as the basis of the nation.

2) The problem becomes more acute when religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and separation terms.

3) It happens when one religion and its followers are pitted against another.

4) This happens when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.

5) The problem becomes more severe when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.

Q8. Examine the views of the communal thinkers? Or

On what lives is communal thinking based?

Ans. 1) The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community.

2) Their fundamental interests are the same and any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.

3) It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.

4) Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict.

5) In its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation.

Q9. “Communal thinking is fundamentally fraud”. Justify.

Ans. The above statement is true. This can be justified with following points.

1)                      People of one religion do not have the same interests and aspirations in every context.

2)                      Everyone has several other roles, positions and identities.

3)                      There are many voices inside every community. All these voices have a right to be heard.

4)                      Therefore any attempt to bring all followers of one religion together in context other than religion is bound to supress many voices within that community.

Q10. What are the various forms in which communalism is expressed in politics?

Ans. Communalism can take various forms in politics-

1)    The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. This is so common that we often fail to notice it even when we believe in it.

2)     For those who belong to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance.

3)         Foe those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a political unit.

4)   Political mobilisation on religious lives is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear.

5)      Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.

Q11. Why do our constitution makers declared India a secular state?

Ans. 1) Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country.

2) The makers of our constitution were aware of this challenge.

3) That is why they chose the model of a secular state.

Q12. Justify with 5 points that India is a secular country.

    Ans. 1) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

2) Our constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

3) The constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

4) The constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

5) The constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

Q13. Explain that secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons?

Ans. 1) Secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons.

2) This idea constitutes one of the foundations of our country.

3) Communalism should not be seen as a threat to some people in India but it threatens the very  idea of India.

4) That is why communalism needs to be combated.

5) A secular constitution like ours is necessary but not sufficient to combat communalism.

6) Communalism can only be put to end by propagating and practising secularism in everyday life.

Q14. Distinguish between caste system and caste casteism?

Ans. CASTE SYSTEM

1. It was a 4 field order where by the society was divided into 4 castes or Varna’s namely Brahmin Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra.

2. The criteria of division is occupation.

CASTE CASTEISM

1. It is a system of division of society into 2 castes upper and lower caste where by the people of lower caste are exploited by the people of upper caste.

2. The criteria of division is birth of the people.

Q15. Name the social reformers who have worked against the caste system?

Ans. Jotiba Phule, Gandhij, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami

Q16. What changes have come in the caste system in modern India? Or

“The caste system in modern India has undergone many changes”? Explain.

Ans. 1) Partly due to their efforts and partly due to other socio-economic changes, castes and caste system in modern India have undergone great changes.

2) With economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages. The old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.

3) The constitution of India prohibited any caste based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Q17. “Caste has not yet disappeared from contemporary India” Explain.

Ans. 1) Some of the older aspects of caste have persisted given today.

2) Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe.

3) Untouchability has not ended completely, despite constitutional prohibition.      

4) Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continues to be felt today.

Q18. Explain how caste is expressed in politics?

Ans. 1) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.

2) When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.

3) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to support.

4) Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.

Q19. Justify that elections are not all about caste?

Ans. 1) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste.

2) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.

3) Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste if that caste is believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency.

4) The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA should have never lose elections if all castes and communities were frozen in their political preferences.

Q20. “While caste matters in electoral politics, so do many other factors”? Explain.

Ans. 1) The voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often stronger than their attachment to their caste or community.

2) Rich and poor or men and women from the same caste often vote very differently.

3) People’s assessment of the performances of the government and the popularity rating of the leaders matter and are often decisive in elections.

Q21. How do positives influence caste? Or

“It is not the politics that get caste ridden, it is the caste that get caste ridden, it is the caste that get politicised? Explain.

Ans. It is not politics that gets caste-ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised.

1) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.

2) Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities

and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.

3) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.    

Q22. Examine the positive and negative influence of mixing of caste with politics? Or

Explain that caste plays different kinds of role in politics?

Ans. POSITIVE

1) In some situations, expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the space to demand their share of power.

2) In this sense-caste politics has helped people from Dalits and OBC castes to gain better access to decision making.

3) Several political and non-political organisations have been demanding and agitating for an end to discrimination against particular castes.

NEGATIVE

1) Exclusive attention to caste can produce negative results as well.

2) Politics based on caste identity alone is not very healthy in a democracy.

3) It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.

4) In some cases caste division leads to tensions, conflict and even violence.

Q23. Explain the sexual division of labour. What was the result of this division?

Ans. 1) A historical division of labour between men and women where by men will work outside and earn for the family and women will stay at home and will take care of family.

2) The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humidity, their role in public life, especially politics minimal in most societies.

Q24. What are feminist movement? What issue are raised by these feminist movement?

Ans. Radical women’s movement aimed at equality in personal and family life.

  1) Women in different parts of the world organised and agitated for equal rights.

2) There are agitation in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women.

3) These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities.

Q25. What is the result of a political expression of gender division?

Ans. Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this questions helped to improve women’s role in public life. Women working as scientist, doctors lawyer and collage was not suitable for women.

In some parts of the world Example - In scandinavion countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland.

Q26. Justify that Indian society is a  Patriarchal society ? Or

What discrimination and expression are being faced by individual women in society?

Ans. 1) The literacy rate among women is only 54 percent compared 76 percent among men similarly a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies.

2) The proportion of women among the highly paid valuable jobs is still very small.

3) Almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and field women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

4) In many parts of India prefer to have son and find ways to have girl child aborted before she is born.

5) There are reports of various kind of harassment, exploitation and violence against them.

Q27. What is communal politics?

Ans. When the power of state is used to establish domination of one religious group over the others. It is known as communal politics.

 

  

                                                                                                       

   

CH-3 DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY ( POL. SC) CLASS - X

CH-3

DEMOCRACY  AND DIVERSITY

Q1. What is the main origin of social difference?

Ans. 1) The social difference are mostly based on accident of birth.

2) We don’t choose to belong to our community.

3) We belong to it simply because we were born into it.

Q2. Are all social differences based on accident of birth? Justify.

Ans. 1) All kinds of social differences are not based on accident of birth.

2) Some of the differences are based on our choices.

3) Foe example, some people are atheists.

4) Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born.

5) All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.

Q3. Justify with example that every social difference does not leads to social division?

Ans. 1) Every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.

2) Example Carlos and smith were similar in one way and thus different from Norman who was white. But they were also all similar in other ways- they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.

Q4. Justify with example that people have different identities in different contexts.

Ans. 1) People belonging to the same religion may not belong to the same community because their caste or sect is very different.

2) People from different religions may have the same caste and feel close to each other.

3) Rich and poor persons from the same family often do not keep close relations with each other.

4) Thus, we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.

Hence, we have different identities in different contexts.

  

Q5. What type of social differences leads to social division?

Ans. 1) Social division takes place when some social difference overlaps with other differences.

2) For example- the difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US because the blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminates against.

3) In our country Dalits tend to be poor, landless and face similar kind of social division.

4) When one kind of social differences becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities, it leads to social division.

Q6. Justify with example that overlapping social differences leads to social division whereas cross-cutting social differences may not lead to social division?

Ans. 1) In cases of Northern Ireland and the Netherlands, both are predominantly Christian but divided between Catholics and Protestants.

2) In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other were Catholics are more likely to be poor and have suffered a history of discrimination.

3) In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other were Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich.

4) The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in the Netherlands.

    

Q7. What type of social differences do not lead to social division?

Ans. 1) If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other.

2) It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue.

3) Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions whereas cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.

Q8. “Social divisions on one kind or another exist in most countries” Explain.

Ans. 1) It does not matter whether the country is small or big.

2) Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, that were once highly homogenous are undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the world.

3) Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community.

4) Most countries of the world today are multi-cultural.

Q9. Explain how social division affects politics? Or

What will be the effect of mixing social division with politics?

Ans. 1) The combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.

2) Democracy involves competition among various political parties which tends to divide any society.

3) If political competing in terms of some existing social division, it can make social divisions into political divisions.

 4) This leads to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.

Q10. Justify that every expression of social division in politics does not lead to a disaster.

Ans. 1) Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world.

2) In a democracy it is natural that political parties would talk about these divisions and make different promises to different communities.

3) The government will also make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

4) Yet all this does not lead to disintegration of the country.

Q11. Explain the 3 factors which are crucial in deciding the outcomes of politics of social division? Or

What 3 determines are crucial in dividing the outcome of politics of social division?

Ans. 1) The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities- if people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. It is much easier if the people see that their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity.

  2) It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community- It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.

3) It depends on how the government reacts to demands of different groups- If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if they try to supress such a demand in the name of national unity, the end result is often destructive.    

Q12. “Social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger”. Explain

or

How do social diversities leads to strengthening of democracy?

Ans. 1) In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy.

2) This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these.

  3) Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity.

4) This leads to strengthening of a democracy.

Q13. Explain how democracy is the best way to fight for religion/ recognition and accommodation of diversity?

Ans. 1) In any government people who feel marginalised, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustices.

2) Such a fight often takes the democratic path in a democracy, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections

3) Sometimes social differences can take the form of acceptable level of social inequality and injustice which can even leads to violence.

4) Hence, there is a need for positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate such as diversities which is only possible in a democracy.

People As Resource- class 9 (economics)

CHAPTER-2

                     PEOPLE AS RESOURCE

Q1. Define the following:

(i) Human capital- Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embedded in them.

(ii) Human capital formation- When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘human capital formation’.

Q2. What do you understand by ‘people as a resource’?

Ans. ‘People as resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

Q3. How do we make investments in human capital? What is its use?

Ans. Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical care) yields a return just like investment in physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the move educated or the better trained persons, as well as higher productivity of healthier people.

Q4. How is human capital superior than other resources?

Ans. Human capital is in one way superior to other resources like land and physical capital. Haman resource can use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot become useful on its own.

Q5. Explain how can population in a country can be converted from our liability to an asset?

Ans. Liability can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital (for example, by spending resources on education and health for all, training of industrial and agricultural workers in the use of modern technology, useful scientific researches and so on.

Q6. How is the child of an educated parent different from that of an uneducated parents? Or

Why do educated parents invest more heavily on the education and medical care of their children?

Ans. 1) Educated parents are found to invest more heavily on the education of their child.

2) This is because they have realised the importance of education for themselves.

3) They are also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene.

4) They accordingly look after their children’s needs for education at school and good health.

5) A virtuous cycle is thus created in this case. In contrast, the vicious cycle may be disadvantaged parents who, themselves uneducated and locking in hygiene.

 Keep their children in the similarly disadvantaged state.  

Q7. Justify with the example of Japan the importance of investment in human resource?

Ans. 1) Countries like Japan have invested in human resource. They did not have any natural resource.

2) These countries are developed/rich countries. They import the natural resource needed in their country.

3) They have invested on people especially in the field of education and health.

4) These people have made efficient use of other resource like land and capital.

5) Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries rich/developed.

Q8. Name the 3 factors into which all the activities are classified. Write examples of each. Or

Mention the 3 types of economic activities with 2-2 examples of each.

Ans. The various activities have been classified into 3 main sectors:

1) Primary

2) Secondary

3) Tertiary

2 examples of each:

1) Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying.

2) Manufacturing is included in the secondary sector.

3) Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary services.

Q9. Explain the historical division of labour between men and women.

Ans. 1) Due to historical and cultural reasons there is a division of labour between men and women in the family.

2) Women generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields.

3) Women are not paid for their service delivered in the family whereas men are paid for their work.

Q10. How is the condition of women working in an unorganised sector different from those working in organised sector?

Ans. Women working in an unorganised sector

Women are paid low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there. Various activities relating to legal protection is meagre. Employment in this sector is characterised by irregular and low income. In this sector there is an absence of basic facilities like maternity leave, childcare and other social security systems.

Women working in an organised sector

Women with high education and skill formation are paid at par with the men. Among the organised sector, teaching and medicine attract them the most. Some women have entered administrative and other services including job, that need high levels of scientific and technological competence.

Q11. What are the 3 factors on which the quality of population depends? What is the main importance of finding the quality of population?

Ans. 1) The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country.

2) Illiterate and unhealthy population are the liability for the economy. Literate and healthy people population are an asset.

Q12. What steps have been taken by the government to improve the education status of our country?

Ans. 1) There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.

2) There is also an establishment of pace setting of schools like Navodaya Vidalia in each district.

3) Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.

4) The plan outlay on education has increased from Rs151 crore in the first plan to Rs3766.90 in the eleventh plan.

Q13. What are the results of the measures taken by the government to improve the level of people of India?

Ans. 1) The literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11.

2) Literacy among males in nearly 16.6% higher than females and it is about 16.1% higher in urban areas as compared to the rural areas.

3) Literacy rates vary from 93.9% in Kerala to 63% in Bihar.

4) The Primary school system has expanded to over 7.68 lakhs in 2004-05.

Q14. Write the short note on Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

Ans. 1) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years by 2010.

2) It is the time bound initiator of the central government, in partnership with the states, the local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

3) Along with it, bridge courses and back-to-school camps have been initiated to increase the enrolment in elementary education.

4) Mid-day meal scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status.

Q15. State the main features of eleventh year plan. Or

What provisions are given in the 11^th year plan for increasing the literacy rates of our country?

Ans. 1) The 11^th plan endeawared to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18-23 years age group to 15% by 2011-12.

2) The strategy focuses on increasing access, quality, adoption of states-specific curriculum modification and vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology.

3) The plan also focuses distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal distant and IT education institutions.

Q16. Write a short note on national policy 2002.

Ans. 1) Our national policy, too aims at improving the accessibility of health care, family welfare and nutritional services with the special focus or the under privileged segment of population.

2) Over the last 5 decades India has built up a last health infrastructure and has developed man power required at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in government as well as in the private sector.

Q17. Examine the result of the measures taken by the government to improve the health status of the country?

Ans. 1) These measures adopted have increased the life expectancy to over 65 years in 2011.

2) Infant mortality rate (IMR) has come down from 147 in 1951 to 47 in 2010.

3) Crude birth rates have dropped to 22.1 and death rates to 7 within the same duration of time.

4) Increase in life expectancy and improvement in child care are useful in assessing the future progress of the country.

Q18. Define the following:

i) Infant Mortality rate- Infant mortality rate is the death of the child under 1 year of age.

ii) Birth rate- Birth rate is the no. of babies born there for every 1000 people during a particular period of time.

iii) Death rate- Death rate is the number of people per 1000 who die during a particular period of time.

Q19. Define unemployment.

Ans. Unemployment is said to exists when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

Q20. Explain 2 types of employment in rural areas.

Ans. In cases of rural areas, there are 2 types of unemployment:

i) Seasonal unemployment

ii) Disguised unemployment

SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT

1) Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.

2) People dependent upon agriculture usually face such kind of problem.

Disguised Unemployment

1) In case of disguised unemployment people appear to be employed.

2) They have agricultural plot where they find work.

3) This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural society.

4) The work requires the service of 5 people but engages 8 people. 3 people are extra.

Q21. Write a note on educated unemployed in India. Or

What type of unemployment can be seen in urban areas in India?

Ans. 1) In case of urban areas educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon.

Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find job.

2) A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower in certain categories coexist with shortage of manpower in others.

3) There is unemployment among technically qualified person on one hand, while there is a dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.

Q22. What are the ill-effects of unemployment on the individual as well as on the country as the whole? Or

What are the consequences of unemployment? Or

‘Hence unemployment has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy.’ Explain. Or

‘Increase in unemployment is an indicator of the depressed economy.’ Explain.

Ans. 1) Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.

2) People who are an asset for the economy turn into the liability.

3) There is the feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.

4) People do not have enough money to support their family.

5) Unemployment tends to increase economic overload.

6) The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increase.

7) The quality of life of an individual as well as of society is adversely affected.

8) Hence, unemployment has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy.

9) Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy.

Q23. Explain, ‘In case of India, the unemployment rate is low.’

Ans. 1) A large number of people represented with low income and productivity are counted as employed.

2) They appear to work throughout the year but in terms of their potential and income, it is not adequate for them.

3) The work that they are pursuing seems forced upon them.

4) They may therefore want other work of their choice.

Q24. What types of employment can be seen in primary sector in India and why?

Ans. 1) The employment structure is characterised by self-employment in the primary sector.

2) The whole family contributes in the field even though not everybody is really needed.

3) So, there is disguised unemployment in the agriculture sector.

4) This concept of sharing of work in the field and the produce raised reduces the hardship of unemployment in the rural sector.

5) But this does not reduce the poverty of the family.

Q25. Discuss the unemployment scenario in 3 sectors of Indian economy.

Ans. 1) Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. In recent years, there has been a decline in the dependence of population on agriculture partly because of disguised unemployment.

2) Some of the surplus labour in agriculture has moved to either the secondary or the tertiary sector.

3) In the secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing.

4) In case of the tertiary sector, various new services are now appearing like biotechnology, information technology and so on.

Q26. What is the role of health in human capital formation?

Ans. 1) Healthier people have higher productivity because the health of the person helps in to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness.

2) An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation.

3) Health improves the quality of life. A healthy person can do his work properly and efficiently.

4) Good health helps the individual to earn more because he can work regularly without any break or leave.

5) Healthy people are productive asset. Their productivity adds to the growth of the economy.

Q27. What is the role of education in human capital formation?

Ans. 1) Educated people earn more than the educated.

2) Literate population is an asset. It leads to higher productivity.

3) It opens new horizon for the person.

4) It provides new aspirations and develop values of life.

5) Education contributes towards the growth of society. It enhances the national income, cultural richness and increased the efficiency of governance.