class - 10th ( Ch-3)
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
Q 1. What is the meaning of term Nationalism?
Ans- Nationalism is associated
with the formation of nation states. It also meant a change in people
u nderstands of who they were, and what identified their sense of belonging and
identity. New ssymbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined
the boundaries of ommunities.
Q 2. When did the feeling of
nationalism develop among Indians?
Ans- 1. The
growth of modern nationalism is ultimately connected to anti-colonial movement.
2.
People began discovering their unity in the process of their
struggle with colonialism.
3.
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a
shared bond that tied many groups together.
Q 3.
Examine the effect of First World War in India.
Ans- 1.
The war created a new economic and political situation.
2. It led to a huge increase in defense
expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: custom duties were raised
and income tax introduced.
3. through the war year’s prices increased.
4. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers,
and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
5. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in
many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
6. This was accompanied by an influenza
epidemic.
7. People hoped that their hardships would end after
the war was over. But that did not happen.
Q4.
What new idea of fighting colonialism was suggested by Mahatma Gandhi in India?
Write its main features.
Ans- Satyagraha was the new idea of fighting
colonialism as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi in India. It its main features were:
1.
The
idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for
truth.
2.
I
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice,
then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppression.
3.
Without
seeing vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through
non-violence.
4.
This
could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
Ans-
Mahatma Gandhi
successfully organized Satyagraha movements in various places:
1.
In
1916, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against the oppressive plantation system.
2.
Then
in 1917, he organized a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda
district of Gujarat.
3.
In
1918, he went to Ahmadabad to organize a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill
workers.
Q6.
State the main features of Rowlatt Act passed by the British government in In India.
Ans-
1. Gandhiji
in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the poposed Rowlatt Act
which began on 6 April, 1919.
2.
This
act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite
the united opposition of the Indian members.
3.
It
gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and
allowed detention of political prisoners without trial of two years.
Q 7.
Give brief information on Jallianwala Bagh incident.
Ans-
On 13 April the infamous
Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd ga thered in the
enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some came to protest against the
government’s new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual
Baisakhi fair. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and
opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
Q 8.
How did the satyagrahis in India react to the Jallianwala Bagh incident? What
repressive measures were taken by the British against the satyagrahis?
Ans- As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread,
crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes
with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with
brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people: satyagrahis were
forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam.
Q 9.
Discuss the growth of non-cooperation movement in urban areas or cities or
to towns.
Ans-
1. The
movement started with the middle-class participation of cities.
2.
Thousands
of students left government controlled schools or colleges, headmasters and
teacher resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
3.
The
council elections were boycotted in most provinces.
Q 10.
How did the non-cooperation movement affect the economy of Britain?
Ans-
The effects of
non-cooperation movement on the economic front were more dramatic:
1.
Foreign
goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge
bonfires.
2.
The
import of foreign cloth halve between 1921 and 1922, its value dropped.
3.
In
many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade.
4.
As the
boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and
wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textiles mills and handlooms
went up.
Q11.
Give reason why non-cooperation movement gradually slowed down in cities?
Ans- 1. Khadi
cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people
could n ot afford to buy it.
2.
For
the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up
so that they could be used in place of British ones.
3.
These were
slow to come up.
4.
So
students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers
joined back work in government courts.
Q12.
Discuss the main features of Sanyasis/ peasants revolt in Awadh.
Ans- 1. In
Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandraa Sanyasi.
2.
The movement
here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants high rent
and a variety of other cesses.
3.
The
peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, demand
social boycott of oppressive landlords.
4.
When
the non-cooperation movement began, the effort of the congress was to integrate
the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.
5.
As the
movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked,
bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.
6.
The
name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all actions and aspirations
of the rebels.
Q13.
State the main features of tribal revolt of Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Ans- 1. In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant
guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920’s.
2.
Here
the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from
entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
3.
This enraged
the hill people.
4.
When
the government began forcing them to contribute beggar for road building, the
hill people revolted.
5.
The
person who came to lead them was Alluri Sitaram Raju.
6.
The Gudem
rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and
carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
Q 14.
Discuss the contribution of Alluri Sitaram Raju fighting against the colonial
domination?
Ans-
1. He led the tribal
revolt in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
2.
He
claimed that he had a variety of special powers.
3.
Captivated
by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju talked of
the greatness of Mahatma Gandhiji.
4.
But at
the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of
force, not non-violence.
5.
Raju
was captured and executed in 1924, and over time became a folk hero.
Q15.
How did the plantation workers in Assam react to the non-cooperation m ovement?
Ans-
1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the
right to move freely in and out of the c onfined space in which they were
enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which th ey had
come.
2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation
workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in
fact they were rarely given such permission.
3. When they heard of the non-cooperation
movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and
headed home.
4.
They believed
that Gandhi raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own
villages.
5.
They
however never reached their destination. They were caught by the police and
brutally beaten up.
Q16.
Explain how the people/movements in countryside interpret the meaning of
non-cooperation in their own ways.
Ans- 1. People in the
country interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways, margining it to be time when all sufferings and all troubles
would over.
2.
When
the tribals chanted Gandhiji’s name and raised slogans demanding ‘Swantantra
Bharat’, they were also emotionally relating to an all-India agitation.
3.
When
they acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi, or linked their movement to that of the
congress, they were identifying with a movement which went beyond the limits of
their immediate locality.
Q17.
How did the Indians respond to Rowlatt act?
Ans- 1. Gandhiji in 1919
decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act (1919)
2. Rallies were organized in various
cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
3. Alarmed b y the popular upsurge, and
scared that lines of communication such as the railways and the telegraph would
be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
4.
Local
leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from
entering Delhi.
5.
On 10 April,
the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread
attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
6.
Martial
law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
Q 18.
When, by whom and why was Khilafat movement started? Why Gandhiji did join this
movement?
Ans-
1. Khilafat movement was started by Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali against the injustice done to the ottoman emperor in turkey by the
British.
2.
Gandhiji
saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslim under the umbrella of a unified
national movement.
3.
At the
Calcutta session of the congress bin September 1920, he convinced other leaders
of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well
as swaraj.
Q19.
When and why did Mahatma Gandhi call off the non-cooperation movement?
Ans- In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi
decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement. He felt the movement was
turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained
before they would be ready for mass struggles.
Q20.
How did the congress leaders react to the calling off non-cooperation?
Ans-
1. Within the congress, some leaders were by now tired of
mass struggles and wanted to participate in election to the provincial
councils.
2.
They
felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils,
argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly
democratic.
3.
Young
leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose pressed for more
radical mass agitation and for full independence.
Q21.
Why Mahatma Gandhi did launched the non-cooperation movement in India?
Ans-
1. Mahatma Gandhi declared that Britain rule was
established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only
because of this cooperation.
2.
If
Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year,
and Swaraj would come.
Q 22. Mention the two factors that shaped Indian
politics towards the late 1920’s?
Ans - 1. The
first was the effect of the world wide economic depression. Agricultural prices
began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for
agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to
sell their harvests and pay their revenue .By 1930, the countryside was in
turmoil.
2. The second factor was the coming up of
the Simon commission in India.
Q23. When and why did
Simon Commission arrive in India? How did Indians respond to this Simon commission?
Ans- 1. Simon Commission was set up in response to
the nationalist movement; the commission was to look into the functioning of
the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
2.
Simon
Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go back
Simon “. All parties, including the congress and the Muslim League,
participated in the demonstrations.
Q24. What is the
significance of the congress session of December 1929?
Ans - In December 1929, under the presidency of
Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalized the demand of “Purna Swaraj “
or full independence for India . It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be
celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to
struggle for complete independence.
Q25. What circumstances
lead to the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement in India?
Ans- 1. On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent
a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
2. The demands were wide-ranging, so that all classes
within Indian society could identify with them.
3. the most striving of all was the demand to abolish
the salt tax.
4. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an
ultimation. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated,
the congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
5. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So Mahatma Gandhi
started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
6. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially
violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
7. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Q26. Why the rich peasant
community did joined the civil disobedience movement?
Ans- 1. In the countryside, rich peasant
communities were active in the movement.
2.
Being
producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression
and falling prices.
3.
As
their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s
revenue demand.
4.
These
rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the civil disobedience
movement.
5.
For
them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
6.
But
they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without
the revenue rates being revised.
7.
So
when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participate.
Q27. What were the main
demands of the poorer peasantry during the civil disobedience movement?
Ans- 1. The poorer peasantry was not just
interested in the lowering of the revenue demand but also wanted reduction in the
rent of land.
2.
They
wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
3.
Apprehensive
of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords, the
congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns of poor peasants in most
places.
4.
So the
relationship between the poor peasants and congress remained uncertain.
Q28. How did the
industrialists/ business classes in India relate themselves to the c civil
disobedience movement?
Ans- 1. During
the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits
and made powerful.
2.
Keen
on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that
restricted business activities.
3.
They
wanted protection against import of foreign goods.
4.
Led by
prominent industrialists they attacked colonial control over the Indian
economy, and supported the civil disobedience movement.
5.
Most
businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business
would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without
constraints.
Q 29. Why did the business classes
take a back seat from the civil disobedience movement?
Ans- 1. After
the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly
enthusiastic.
2.
They
were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about
prolonged disruption of business as well as of the growing influence of
socialism amongst the younger members of the congress.
Q30. Discuss the
contribution of industrial working class in the civil disobedience movement?
Or
Why were congress leaders
reluctant to include workers in this movement?
Ans- 1. The
industrial working classes did not participate in the civil disobedience
movement in large numbers, except in Nagpur region.
2.
They adapted
some of the idea of the Gandhian program me like boycott of foreign goods, as
part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
3.
But
the congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its program
me of struggle. It felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the
anti-imperial forces.
Q31. “One of the most
important features of the civil disobedience movement was the large scale
participation of women”. Explain.
Ans- 1. The most
important feature of the civil disobedience movement was the large scale
participation of women.
2.
During
Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their houses to listen to
him.
3.
They
participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth
and liquor shops.
4.
Many
went to jail.
5.
In
urban areas, these women were from high caste families, in rural areas they
came from rich peasant households.
6.
Moved
by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of
women.
Q32. What was the position
of women in India as visualized by Mahatma Gandhi and other congress leaders?
Ans- 1. Gandhiji
and many other congress men were convinced that it was the duty of women to
look after home and health, be good mothers and good wives.
2.
And
for a long time the congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position
of authority within the organization.
3.
It was
keen only on their symbolic presence.
Q33. What was Congress attitude towards
untouchables in India ? How was it different from that of Mahatma Gandhi’s view
?
Ans- 1. For long the congress had ignored the dalits. For
fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.
2.
But
Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a 100 years if
untouchability was not eliminated.
3.
He
called the untouchables “harijans”, or the children of God, organized Satyagraha
to secure them entry into temples and acce3sss to public wells, tanks, roads
and schools.
4.
He
persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the ‘sin of
untouchability’
Q34. Give reason why dalits
participation in civil disobedience was limited?
Ans- 1. Dalit
leaders were keen on political solution to the problems of the community.
2.
They
began organizing themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational
institutions and a separate electorate that would chose Dalit members or
legislative councils.
3.
Political
empowerment, they believed would resolve the problems of their social
disabilities.
4.
Dalit
participation in civil disobedience movement was therefore limited.
Q35. Who was the founder
of depressed Class Association? What was his clash with Mahatma Gandhi?
Ans- 1. Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar was the founder of Depressed Class Association. (1930)
2.
When
the British government considered Ambedkar’s demand of separate electorate,
Gandhiji began a fast unto death.
3.
He
believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of
their integration into society.
Q36. Explain why Muslim
political organizations were lukewarm in this response to civil disobedience
movement.
Ans- 1. Muslim
political organizations in India were also lukewarm in this response to civil
disobedience movement.
2.
After the
decline of the non-cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims
felt alienated from the congress ads the congress came to be more visibly
associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu
Mahasabha.
Q37. What was the main
point of difference between congress and Muslim league with respect too Muslim
political participation?
Ans- 1. The
important differences between congress and Muslim league were over the question
of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.
2.
Muhammad
Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League was willing to give up the
demand for separate electorate, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the
Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the
Muslim-dominated provinces but this demand was refused by the Hindu Mahasabha
leaders present in the congress.
Q38. What factors brought
a sense of collective belongingness among Indians during the colonial period?
Ans- 1. The
sense of collective belongingness came partly through their experience of
united struggles.
2.
There were
also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured
people’s imagination.
3.
History and fiction, focklone and songs ,
popular points and symbols, all played a part in making of nationalism.
Q39. How the image of
Bharat Mata did developed a sense of nationalism among the Indians during the
colonial period?
Ans- 1. In the 20th century, with the growth of
nationalism, the identity of India came to be visually associated with the
image of Bharat Mata.
2.
The image was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay.
3.
Moved
by the swadeshi movement, Abindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat
Mata.
4.
In
this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as n ascetic figure.
5.
In
subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms.
6.
Devotion
to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
Q40. How did the idea of
nationalism developed through Indian folklore?
Ans- 1. Ideas
of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
2.
Nationalists
began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather
folk songs and legends.
3.
These
tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been
corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
4.
It was
essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national
identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
Q41. How did the symbols
and icons helped in writing the Indian during the colonial period?
Ans- 1. As the national movement developed, nationalists
leaders became more and more aware of icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring
in them a feeling of nationalism.
2. During the swadeshi movement in
Bengal, a tricolor flag was designed.
3. It had 8 lotuses representing 8
provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.
4. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed
the swaraj flag.
5. It was again in a tricolor and
had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of
self-help.
6. Carrying the flag, holding it
aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.
Q42. How the
re-interpretation of Indian history did created a feeling of nationalism among
Indians during colonial period? What was the problem associated with it?
Ans- 1. Another means of creating a feeling of
nationalism was through reinterpretation of history.
2. The British interpretation of
Indian history portrait Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of
governing themselves.
3. In response, Indians began
looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
4. They wrote about glorious
developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics,
religion and culture, law and business and trade had flourished.
5. This glorious time, in their
view, was followed by a history of decline, when\n India was colonized.
6. These nationalist histories
urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and
struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
When the past being glorified
was Hindu, when the images celebrated were drawn from Hindu iconography, then
people of other communities felt left out.
Q43. How did the clash
between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar resolve?
Ans- Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position
and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932. It gave Depressed Classes
reserved seats in provincial and legislative central councils, but they were to
be voted in by the general electorate.
Q44. What is the
significance of Gandhi-Irwin pact of 1931?
Ans- 1. Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed between
Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin on 5 march 1931.
Ans- 1. In December 1931, Gandhiji went to
London for the conference but the negotiations broke down and he returned
disappointed.
2. In India, he discovered that
the government had begun a new cycle of repression where all political leaders
were arrested.
3. The congress had been declared
illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations
and boycotts.
4. With great apprehension,
Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the civil disobedience movement.
Q46. How was civil
disobedience movement different from non-cooperation movement?
Ans- 1. Under non-cooperation movement people
were only told not to cooperate with British but they were not permitted to
break colonial law.
2. Under civil disobedience
movement people were told to not cooperate with British but they were permitted
to break the colonial law.
Q47. Why Mahatma Gandhi
did wanted British to abolish salt law?
Ans- Salt was something consumed by the rich
and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax
on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi
declared, revealed the most oppressive phase of British rule.
Q48. Why were some congress leaders reluctant to
start/join non-cooperation movement against the British?
Ans- 1. They were reluctant to boycott the
council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the
movement might lead to popular violence.
2. In the months between September
and December, there was an intense tussle within the congress.
3. For a while there seemed no
meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement.
4. Finally, at the congress
session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the
non-cooperation program me was adopted.
Ans- Gandhi ji proposed that the movement
should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the
government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and
legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. Then, in case the government
used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. Through
the summer of 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilizing
popular support for the movement.
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